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| Multiplexing |
|---|
| Analog modulation |
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- A memory slot, memory socket, or RAM slot allows RAM (computer memory) to be inserted into the computer. Most motherboards have two to four memory slots, which determine the type of RAM used with the computer. The most common RAM types are SDRAM and DDR for desktop computers and SODIMM for laptop computers, each having various types and speeds.
- A slot machine (American English), known variously as a fruit machine (British English), puggy (Scottish English), the slots (Canadian English and American English), poker machine/pokies (Australian English and New Zealand English), fruities (British English) or slots (American English), is a gambling machine that creates a game of chance for its customers.
Een slot is een mechanisme waarmee een voorwerp kan worden afgesloten. Sloten bestaan in vele soorten en maten, en zijn al sinds het oude Egypte bekend. Het voornaamste doel van een slot is het beperken van de toegang (meestal tot iets van waarde) tot een beperkte groep mensen die de beschikking hebben over de juiste sleutel.
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting and receiving independent signals over a common signal path by means of synchronized switches at each end of the transmission line so that each signal appears on the line only a fraction of time in an alternating pattern. This method transmits two or more digital signals or analog signals over a common channel. It can be used when the bit rate of the transmission medium exceeds that of the signal to be transmitted. This form of signal multiplexing was developed in telecommunications for telegraphy systems in the late 19th century, but found its most common application in digital telephony in the second half of the 20th century.
History[edit]
Time-division multiplexing was first developed for applications in telegraphy to route multiple transmissions simultaneously over a single transmission line. In the 1870s, Émile Baudot developed a time-multiplexing system of multiple Hughes telegraph machines.
In 1944, the British Army used the Wireless Set No. 10 to multiplex 10 telephone conversations over a microwave relay as far as 50 miles. This allowed commanders in the field to keep in contact with the staff in England across the English Channel.[1]
In 1953 a 24-channel TDM was placed in commercial operation by RCA Communications to send audio information between RCA's facility on Broad Street, New York, their transmitting station at Rocky Point and the receiving station at Riverhead, Long Island, New York. The communication was by a microwave system throughout Long Island. The experimental TDM system was developed by RCA Laboratories between 1950 and 1953.[2]
In 1962, engineers from Bell Labs developed the first D1 channel banks, which combined 24 digitized voice calls over a four-wire copper trunk between Bell central office analogue switches. A channel bank sliced a 1.544 Mbit/s digital signal into 8,000 separate frames, each composed of 24 contiguous bytes. Each byte represented a single telephone call encoded into a constant bit rate signal of 64 kbit/s. Channel banks used the fixed position (temporal alignment) of one byte in the frame to identify the call it belonged to.[3]
Technology[edit]
Time-division multiplexing is used primarily for digital signals, but may be applied in analogmultiplexing in which two or more signals or bit streams are transferred appearing simultaneously as sub-channels in one communication channel, but are physically taking turns on the channel.[4] The time domain is divided into several recurrent time slots of fixed length, one for each sub-channel. A sample byte or data block of sub-channel 1 is transmitted during time slot 1, sub-channel 2 during time slot 2, etc. One TDM frame consists of one time slot per sub-channel plus a synchronization channel and sometimes error correction channel before the synchronization. After the last sub-channel, error correction, and synchronization, the cycle starts all over again with a new frame, starting with the second sample, byte or data block from sub-channel 1, etc.
Application examples[edit]
- The plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) system, also known as the PCM system, for digital transmission of several telephone calls over the same four-wire copper cable (T-carrier or E-carrier) or fiber cable in the circuit switched digital telephone network
- The synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)/synchronous optical networking (SONET) network transmission standards that have replaced PDH.
- The Basic Rate Interface and Primary Rate Interface for the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN).
- The RIFF (WAV) audio standard interleaves left and right stereo signals on a per-sample basis
TDM can be further extended into the time-division multiple access (TDMA) scheme, where several stations connected to the same physical medium, for example sharing the same frequency channel, can communicate. Application examples include:
- The GSM telephone system
- The Tactical Data Links Link 16 and Link 22
Multiplexed digital transmission[edit]
In circuit-switched networks, such as the public switched telephone network (PSTN), it is desirable to transmit multiple subscriber calls over the same transmission medium to effectively utilize the bandwidth of the medium.[5] TDM allows transmitting and receiving telephone switches to create channels (tributaries) within a transmission stream. A standard DS0 voice signal has a data bit rate of 64 kbit/s.[5][6] A TDM circuit runs at a much higher signal bandwidth, permitting the bandwidth to be divided into time frames (time slots) for each voice signal which is multiplexed onto the line by the transmitter. If the TDM frame consists of n voice frames, the line bandwidth is n*64 kbit/s.[5]
Each voice time slot in the TDM frame is called a channel. In European systems, standard TDM frames contain 30 digital voice channels (E1), and in American systems (T1), they contain 24 channels. Both standards also contain extra bits (or bit time slots) for signaling and synchronization bits.[5]
Multiplexing more than 24 or 30 digital voice channels is called higher order multiplexing. Higher order multiplexing is accomplished by multiplexing the standard TDM frames. For example, a European 120 channel TDM frame is formed by multiplexing four standard 30 channel TDM frames. At each higher order multiplex, four TDM frames from the immediate lower order are combined, creating multiplexes with a bandwidth of n*64 kbit/s, where n = 120, 480, 1920, etc.[5]
Telecommunications systems[edit]
There are three types of synchronous TDM: T1, SONET/SDH, and ISDN.[7]
Plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) was developed as a standard for multiplexing higher order frames. PDH created larger numbers of channels by multiplexing the standard Europeans 30 channel TDM frames. This solution worked for a while; however PDH suffered from several inherent drawbacks which ultimately resulted in the development of the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). The requirements which drove the development of SDH were these:[5][6]
- Be synchronous – All clocks in the system must align with a reference clock.
- Be service-oriented – SDH must route traffic from End Exchange to End Exchange without worrying about exchanges in between, where the bandwidth can be reserved at a fixed level for a fixed period of time.
- Allow frames of any size to be removed or inserted into an SDH frame of any size.
- Easily manageable with the capability of transferring management data across links.
- Provide high levels of recovery from faults.
- Provide high data rates by multiplexing any size frame, limited only by technology.
- Give reduced bit rate errors.
SDH has become the primary transmission protocol in most PSTN networks. It was developed to allow streams 1.544 Mbit/s and above to be multiplexed, in order to create larger SDH frames known as Synchronous Transport Modules (STM). The STM-1 frame consists of smaller streams that are multiplexed to create a 155.52 Mbit/s frame. SDH can also multiplex packet based frames e.g. Ethernet, PPP and ATM.[5][6]
While SDH is considered to be a transmission protocol (Layer 1 in the OSI Reference Model), it also performs some switching functions, as stated in the third bullet point requirement listed above.[5] The most common SDH Networking functions are these:
- SDH Crossconnect – The SDH Crossconnect is the SDH version of a Time-Space-Time crosspoint switch. It connects any channel on any of its inputs to any channel on any of its outputs. The SDH Crossconnect is used in Transit Exchanges, where all inputs and outputs are connected to other exchanges.[5]
- SDH Add-Drop Multiplexer – The SDH Add-Drop Multiplexer (ADM) can add or remove any multiplexed frame down to 1.544Mb. Below this level, standard TDM can be performed. SDH ADMs can also perform the task of an SDH Crossconnect and are used in End Exchanges where the channels from subscribers are connected to the core PSTN network.[5]
SDH network functions are connected using high-speed optic fibre. Optic fibre uses light pulses to transmit data and is therefore extremely fast. Modern optic fibre transmission makes use of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) where signals transmitted across the fibre are transmitted at different wavelengths, creating additional channels for transmission. This increases the speed and capacity of the link, which in turn reduces both unit and total costs.[5][6]
Statistical time-division multiplexing[edit]
Statistical time-division multiplexing (STDM) is an advanced version of TDM in which both the address of the terminal and the data itself are transmitted together for better routing. Using STDM allows bandwidth to be split over one line. Many college and corporate campuses use this type of TDM to distribute bandwidth.
On a 10-Mbit line entering a network, STDM can be used to provide 178 terminals with a dedicated 56k connection (178 * 56k = 9.96Mb). A more common use however is to only grant the bandwidth when that much is needed. STDM does not reserve a time slot for each terminal, rather it assigns a slot when the terminal is requiring data to be sent or received.
In its primary form, TDM is used for circuit mode communication with a fixed number of channels and constant bandwidth per channel. Bandwidth reservation distinguishes time-division multiplexing from statistical multiplexing such as statistical time-division multiplexing. In pure TDM, the time slots are recurrent in a fixed order and pre-allocated to the channels, rather than scheduled on a packet-by-packet basis.
In dynamic TDMA, a scheduling algorithm dynamically reserves a variable number of time slots in each frame to variable bit-rate data streams, based on the traffic demand of each data stream.[8] Dynamic TDMA is used in:
Asynchronous time-division multiplexing (ATDM),[7] is an alternative nomenclature in which STDM designates synchronous time-division multiplexing, the older method that uses fixed time slots.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document: 'Federal Standard 1037C'. (in support of MIL-STD-188)
- ^Wireless Set No. 10
- ^US 2919308 'Time Division Multiplex System for Signals of Different Bandwidth'
- ^María Isabel Gandía Carriedo (August 31, 1998). 'ATM: Origins and State of the Art'. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Archived from the original on June 23, 2006. Retrieved September 23, 2009.
- ^Kourtis, A.; Dangkis, K.; Zacharapoulos, V.; Mantakas, C. (1993). 'Analogue time division multiplexing'. International Journal of Electronics. Taylor & Francis. 74 (6): 901–907. doi:10.1080/00207219308925891.
- ^ abcdefghijkHanrahan, H.E. (2005). Integrated Digital Communications. Johannesburg, South Africa: School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand.
- ^ abcd'Understanding Telecommunications'. Ericsson. Archived from the original on April 13, 2004.
- ^ abWhite, Curt (2007). Data Communications and Computer Networks. Boston, MA: Thomson Course Technology. pp. 143–152. ISBN1-4188-3610-9.
- ^Guowang Miao; Jens Zander; Ki Won Sung; Ben Slimane (2016). Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks. Cambridge University Press. ISBN1107143217.
| Background information | |
|---|---|
| Origin | Moscow, Russia |
| Genres | Nu metal[1] |
| Years active | 2002 - present |
| Labels | M2 (formerly M2BA), EM&NEM, Mistery of Sound |
| Website | http://www.slot.ru |
| Members | Daria 'Nookie' Stavrovich (Дария 'Нуки' Ставрович) Igor 'Cache' Lobanov (Игорь 'КЭШ' Лобанов) Sergey 'ID' Bogolyubsky (Сергей 'ID' Боголюбский) Nikita Muravyov (Никита Муравьёв) Vasily « Ghost » Gorshkov |
| Past members | Denis 'Dan' Khromykh (Денис 'Дэн' Хромых) Alexey 'Proff' Nazarchuk (Алексей 'Proff' Назарчук) Teona 'Teka' Dolnikova (Теона 'Тека' Дольникова) Uliana 'IF' Elina (Ульяна 'IF' Елина) Mikhail 'mikhei4' Korolev (Михаил 'muxeu4' Королёв) Mikhail 'MiX' Petrov (Михаил 'MiX' Петров) Nikita 'NiXoN' Simonov (Никита 'NiXoN' Симонов) Kirill 'Mr Dudu/The Dude' Kachanov (Кирилл 'Mr Dudu/The Dude' Качанов) |
Slot (Russian: Слот) is a Russian metal band. The members of the group: Daria 'Nookie' Stavrovich, Igor 'Cache' Lobanov, Sergey 'ID' Bogolyubsky, Nikita Muravyov, Vasiliy «Ghost» Gorshkov.
Since its inception, the group has released eight studio albums, two remix albums, two mini-albums, two live DVDs, recorded 20 singles and several soundtracks. The slot is known for its long tours of Russia and neighboring countries, which sometimes last more than a year.
Biography[edit]
Slot was formed by male vocalist and chief songwriter Igor Lobanov (nicknamed Cache) and Denis Khromykh (nicknamed 'Dan') in 2002 in Moscow, Russia. In 2003 they released their debut album 'SLOT 1', released under Mistery Of Sound recording label. Their debut video 'Odni' (Одни) was in rotation on MTV and other major video stations for over six months. The album went on to sell over ten thousand copies internationally. Despite their initial success, Teona Dolnikova left the band in 2004 due to further concentrate with her solo career.
Uliana Elina (nicknamed IF), the eventual winner of 2005 RAMP Awards Best Vocal of the Year became Slot's female vocalist from 2004 to 2006. Together with Korn, Slot performed at Saint Petersburg's Ice Palace and at MSA in Moscow in 2006.
The band have been featured on numerous soundtracks for films such as 'Day Watch', 'Pirate', 'Bumer' and ' Hunting for Piranha'. They have also been featured on compilations such as Nashestvie, Scang Fest, and Rock Watch.
In the summer of 2006 Slot opened their Myspace page due to constant requests from fans worldwide. In the first month the band had received over 1000 visits and over 20,000 plays on Myspace player. Slot also has a page on Facebook and a YouTube channel.
In Autumn 2006, the band released their second studio album 2 Wars (2 войны), fuelled by the nationwide hit single of the same name. The video for the song was aired on various national television stations (MTV Russia, Muz-TV, A-One, O2TV and Music Box). The album shifted over eight thousand copies in the first twelve weeks of release.
Due to the success of their second album, the band were once again nominated for the RAMP Awards in four categories. Slot received the most nominations in 2006. They won the Hit of the Year award. 2 Wars was re-recorded and re-released in 2007, featuring their new vocalist Daria Stavrovich (nicknamed Nookie).
TThey have played with international rock bands such as Korn, Clawfinger, and Samael. In 2007 they performed alongside Aria at the RAMP Awards. The band embarked on a fifty-date tour of the Baltic region, where more than fifty thousand fans came out to support them in spring of 2007.
Slots Significado Wikipedia Gratis
In fall of 2007 they released their third album Trinity (Тринити). The music video of the first single 'Dead Stars' (Мёртвые Звёзды) was released to Internet and national video stations in the fourth quarter of 2007.
On 19 September 2009, Slot released their fourth studio album, which garnered attention from non-Russian speaking countries like United Kingdom, United States, and Canada. In March 2010, Slot released their first ever English single, 'Mirrors' (Зеркала). With its release and accompanying music video both in Russian and in English, the band is finding an entire new layer of fans. In April 2010, the band released its first ever English maxi-single entitled, 'Mirrors.' This single will include newly recorded and remastered editions of 'Mirrors,' 'Dead Stars,' and 'My Angel.'
In 2011, Slot released Break the Code, their debut English album. It was released on 23 August. The special edition of this album was also released in Japan.
In early 2014, Slot released the crowd funded album Шестой Sixth. On 18 April 2014, Nookie was stabbed multiple times in her neck during an autograph session with their fans on a café in St. Petersburg. She was rushed to the hospital, where the doctors said that she was 'moderately grave', but her life was not in danger.[2][3][4][5][6]
On 28 August 2018, a collection of the best tracks 15 was released on CD for fans in Europe, America and Japan. The disc is released by Sliptrick Records under the license of M2BA label.
As special guests, Slot performed on the same stage with such Western performers as Korn, Limp Bizkit, Guano Apes, Mötley Crüe and Skillet.
Achievements[edit]
Vocalist of the group – Daria Stavrovich - is semifinalist of the popular Russian broadcast 'The Voice'. Her performance of the song Cranberries 'Zombie' has got 29 million views on YouTube. Also Daria entered the list of 'Hottest Chicks in Hard Rock' according to the most respected American magazine 'Revolver'.
The group plays at all major festivals. At their speech at the Nashestvie 2019 there were 30 thousand people. In addition to Russian festivals, they played at major festival in Slovakia named 'Top fest'.
The release of the album Break The Code in the US was preceded by the appearance on the radio of the single of the same name 'Break the Code', which in just one week hit the rotation of 55 American radio stations and took second place in the rating of Metal Radio Station Add Chart.
Band members[edit]
Current members
- Igor 'Cache' Lobanov - vocals
- Sergey 'ID' Bogolyubsky- guitar
- Daria 'Nookie' Stavrovich - vocals
- Nikita Muravyov - bass guitar
- Vasilij Gorshkov - drums, percussion
Former members
- Denis 'Dan' Chromyk
- Alexsej 'Proff' Nazachuk
- Teona 'Teka' Dolnikova
- Uljana 'IF' Elina
- Mikhail 'mikhei4' Korolev
- Mikhail 'MiX' Petrov
- Nikita 'NiXon' Simonov
- Kirill 'Mr. Dude' Kachanov
Discography[edit]
Studio albums[edit]
| Year | Name | Label |
|---|---|---|
| 2003 | SLOT1 | M2BA |
| 2006 | 2Wars( 2 войны) | EM&NEM |
| 2007 | Trinity (Тринити) | M2BA |
| 2009 | 4ever | M2BA |
| 2010 | The Best Of... | |
| 2011 | Break The Code | M2BA |
| 2011 | F5 | M2BA |
| 2013 | Sixth (Шестой) | M2BA |
| 2016 | Septima | M2BA |
| 2019 | 200 kW | M2BA |
Re-released albums[edit]
| Year | Name | Label |
|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 2Wars (with Nookie on vocals) | |
| 2010 | The Best Of... | |
| 2016 | 2Wars (10th Anniversary Edition) | |
| 2017 | Slot 15 | M2BA |
Remixes[edit]
| Year | Name | Label |
|---|---|---|
| 2008 | kiSLOTa. The First Drop (киСЛОТа. Первая капля) | |
| 2010 | kiSLOTa 2 (киСЛОТа 2, with Johnny Beast) |
Singles[7][edit]
| Year | Name | Label |
|---|---|---|
| 2003 | Alone (Одни) | |
| 2006 | Two Wars (2 войны) | |
| 2007 | Dead Stars (Мёртвые Звёзды) | |
| 2007 | Trinity (Тринити) | |
| 2008 | They Killed Kenny (Они убили Кенни) | |
| 2009 | Alfa Romeo + Betta Joliette (Alfa-Ромео + Beta-Джульетта) | |
| 2009 | My Angel (АнгелОК) | |
| 2009 | A.N.I.M.E. (А. Н. И. М. Е.) | |
| 2010 | Board (Доска) | |
| 2010 | Mirrors (Зеркала) - first single released simultaneously in both Russian and English | |
| 2010 | Lego (Лего) | |
| 2011 | Kill Me Baby One More Time | |
| 2011 | Twilight (Сумерки) | |
| 2013 | If (Если) | |
| 2013 | Knee-Deep (Поколено) | |
| 2014 | Glass Of Revolution (Стёкла Революции) | |
| 2015 | Attractive Force (Сила Притяжения) | |
| 2015 | Kills As Wants! (Мочит как хочет!) | |
| 2015 | Fear And Aggression (Страх и агрессия) | |
| 2016 | Circles on the Water (Круги на воде) | |
| 2017 | Old Russian Soul (Древнерусская душа, with Neuromonakh Feofan) | |
| 2018 | To Mars! (На Марс!) | |
| 2018 | Cuckoo (Кукушка) | |
| 2019 | Moscow (Москва) |
Slots Significado Wikipedia Y
DVD[edit]
| Year | Name |
|---|---|
| 2008 | Live&Video (Concert within the limits of 'Triniti-round' in TELE-club Yekaterinburg + the collection of video clips) |
| 2017 | #REDLIVE |
Videography[edit]
| Year | Name |
|---|---|
| 2003 | Alone (Одни) |
| 2006 | Two Wars (2 Войны) |
| 2007 | Dead Stars (Мёртвые Звёзды) |
| 2008 | They Killed Kenny (Они убили Кенни) |
| 2009 | Angel O.K. (Ангел О.К.) |
| 2010 | The Board (Доска) |
| 2010 | Mirrors (Зеркала) |
| 2010 | Lego (Лего) |
| 2010 | Alone |
| 2011 | Kill Me Baby One More Time |
| 2011 | Twilight (Сумерки) |
| 2012 | Lonely People (Одинокие Люди) |
| 2013 | Angel Or Demon (Ангел Или Демон) |
| 2013 | If (Если) |
| 2014 | Just A Man (Просточеловек) |
| 2014 | FIGHT! (БОЙ!) |
| 2015 | Kills As Wants! (Мочит Как Хочет!) |
| 2016 | Circles on the Water (Круги На Воде) |
| 2018 | To Mars! (На Марс!) |
| 2019 | HLS (ЗОЖ) |
| 2019 | Moscow (Москва) Lyric Video |
Slots Significado Wikipedia Portugues
OST and compilations[edit]
- 2003 OST 'Bumer'
- 2003 Compilation 'Nashestvie XIV'
- 2004 Compilation 'SCANG FEST 3'
- 2004 Compilation 'Rock Maraphon'
- 2005 Compilation 'RAMP 2005'[8]
- 2006 OST 'Piranha'
- 2006 Compilation 'Russian Alternative' 2006[9]
- 2007 OST 'Shadowboxing 2: Revenge'
- 2007 OST 'Half-Life: Paranoia' (Half-Life's modification)
- 2008 OST 'Street Racers'
- 2008 OST 'Black Hunters'
- 2011 OST 'Shadowboxing 3: Last Round
- 2014 OST 'Angel or Demon'
- 2014 OST 'Ownership 18'
Awards[edit]
Slots Significado Wikipedia En
- RAMP Awards 2005 - Best Vocal of the Year (won with female vocalist Uliana 'IF' Elina)
- RAMP Awards 2006 - Hit of the Year (Won), Album of the year, Band of the year (Nominated)
- RAMP Awards 2007 - Band of the Year (Nominated)
- RAMP Awards 2008 - Clip of the Year (Nominated), Album of the Year (Nominated), Hit of the Year (Nominated), Soundtrack of the Year (Nominated), Band of the Year (Nominated)
References[edit]
- ^'Slot: Nu-Metal Tales of Childhood Virtue in Danger'. Far from Moscow. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^'The Slot Vocalist Attacked, Suffers Multiple Stab Wounds'.
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^[1][dead link]
- ^'Vocalist for the Slot Stabbed Multiple Times'. 19 April 2014.
- ^'Female Metal Singer Stabbed In The Neck Multiple Times ::Slot News'. Antimusic.com. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
- ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), Official Discography
- ^ru:Rock Alternative Music Prize#.D0.9B.D0.B0.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.8B 2005, RAMP Wiki
- ^ru:Rock Alternative Music Prize#.D0.9B.D0.B0.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.8B 2006, RAMP Wiki